• Table of Contents
• Introduction
• Plant Data
• Electrolyte Properties
• Concentration Converter
• Cell Voltage
• Alumina Feeding
• Anode Table Layout

• Table of Contents
• Introduction
• How to Use AlPrg
• Plant Data
• Alumina Feeding
• Electrolyte Properties
• Cell Voltage

• Table of Contents
• Introduction
• ATab Version 2
• Layout-View
• Evaluation-View
• 3D-View
• Floating Windows
• Optimization Window
• Examples
• Downloads

• Table of Contents
• Principles Hall-Héroult
• Mass Balance
• Electrolyte Properties
• Cell Voltage
• Energy Balance

• Current Efficiency

• Raw Materials

• Cell Operation

• Measurements

• Environment, Emissions
• Examples, Exercises
• Literature

• News and Events
• Name Index
• Subject Index
• Sitemap
• Recreation

Xi Canming,
"Advanced High-Efficiency Energy-Saving Technologies for Cell in China",
15^th International Conference on Non-Ferrous Metals, Grand Hotel Oberoi, Kolkata, July 8-9, 2011
Eds.: T. R. Mankhand, Abhilash, S. Majumdar.
see: Light Metals (2011), 591-598.

E. A. Jensen,
"The Effects of Slotted Anodes on Aluminum Reduction Cell Operations",
5^th International Conference on Electrodes and Support Services for Primary Aluminium Smelters.
Incorporating the 5^th Rodding Conference, 10-12 May 2011, Reykjavik

G. P. Tarcy, H. Kvande, A. Tabereaux,
"Advancing the Industrial Aluminum Process: 20^th Century Breakthrough Inventions and Developments",
JOM (2011), Vol. 63, Nr.8, 101-108.

Y. Sayad-Yaghoubi,
"Selection of Thermodynamic Data for a Novel Carbothermic Smelting Process for Aluminum",
JOM (2011), Vol. 63, Nr.5, 30-34.

S. Rolseth, H. Guldbrandsen, J. Thonstad,
"Low temperature aluminium electrolysis in a high density electrolyte",
Aluminium (2011), Vol. 87, 5, (Mai), 59-63.

X. Wang, B. Hosler, G. Tarcy,
"Alcoa STARprobe^TM",
Light Metals (2011), 483-489.

X. Wang, G. Tarcy, E. Batista, G. Wood
"Active Pot Control Using Alcoa STARprobe^TM",
Light Metals (2011), 491-496.

P. M. Entner,
"Optimisation of the anode table layout",
Aluminium (2010), 86, 42-47.

B. Benkahla, O. Martin, T. Tomasino
"AP50 Performances and New Development",
Light Metals (2009), 365-370.

B. J. Welch,
"Inert Anodes - the Status of the Material Science, the Opportunities they present and the Challenges that need resolving before Commercial Implementation",
Light Metals (2009), 971-978.

S. Pietrzyk,
"Anodic Overvoltage on Inert Anodes in Cryolite Alumina Melts",
ERZMETALL 61 No. 5 (2008), 308-313.

S. Pietrzyk,
"The Effect of Anode - Cathode Distance on the Electric Bath Resistivity in Aluminium Electrolysis with Inert Anodes",
ERZMETALL 61 No. 6 (2008), 368-375.

A.V. Knizhnik, A.A. Kuzakov, B.I. Zelberg, V.V. Veselkov,
"Application of Mathematical Methods to Optimize Aluminium Production in Pre-Baked Anode Cells",
Light Metals (2008), 437-442.

V. Knizhnik,
"Development and Application of Numerical Methods to Improve Aluminium Production",
Proceedings of XIV International Conference Aluminium of Siberia 2008, Krasnoyarsk Russia Sep. 10-12, 2008, 102-104.

V. Mann, V. Buzunov, O. Burkartsky, A. Krasovitsky, I. Puzanov,
"Increase of Amperage at Sayanogorsk Aluminum Smelter",
Light Metals (2008), 281-285.

Warren Haupin Technical Contributions

J. Bruggeman,
"Technical Contributions of Late Warren Haupin - A Review",
Light Metals (2008), 495-550.

B. Welch, M. Iffert, M. Skyllas-Kazakos,
"Applying Fundamental Data to Reduce the Carbon Dioxide Footprint of Aluminum Smelters",
JOM (Nov. 2008), Vol. 60, Nr. 11, 17-24.
see also JOM online.

J. T. Keniry,
"Aluminum Smelting Greenhouse Footprint and Sustainability",
Light Metals (2008), 369-373.

B. Benkahla, Y. Caratini, H. Mezin, S. Renaudier, S. Fardeau,
"Last Development in AP50 Cell",
Light Metals (2008), 451-455.

H. O. Bohner, V. A. Arora, T. K. Nasipuri,
"Novel Method of Measuring the Liquidus and Bath Temperature of Hall-Héroult Cells",
Light Metals (2008), 315-318.

About AlPrg

P. M. Entner,
"AlPrg: a software tool for aluminium smelting&",
Aluminium (2007), 83, 32-35.

V. Gusberti, D. S. Severo, A. F. Schneider, E. C. V. Pinto, A. C. F. Vilela,
"Modeling the Effect of the Anode Change Sequence with a Non Linear Low Water Stability Model",
Light Metals (2007), 317-322.

A. I. Berezin, T. V. Piskazhova, V. V. Gritsko, A. V. Tarakanov, I. N. Volokhov, P. V. Polyakov,
"Bath Superheat to Control Electrolysis Process",
Light Metals (2007), 545-550.

Textbook Inert Anodes (2007)

I. Galasiu, R. Galasiu, J. Thonstad,
"Inert Anodes for Aluminium Electrolysis"
1^st Aluminium-Verlag Marketing &Kommunikation GmbH (2007);
ISBN 978-3-87017-286-2

de Nora Inert Anode: Technical and Economical Evaluation

R. von Kaenel, V. de Nora,
"Technical and Economical Evaluation of the de Nora Inert Meatallic Anode in Aluminum Reduction Cells",
Light Metals (2006), 397-402.

Liquidus Enigma Revisited Moxnes

B. P. Moxnes, A. Solheim, T. Støre, B. E. Aga, L. Støen,
"The 'Liquidus Enigma' revisited",
Light Metals (2006), 285-290.

Calculating PFC Emissions

J. Marks,
"Methods for Calculating PFC Emissions from Primary Aluminum Production",
Light Metals (2006), 185-188.

M. Iffert, M. Skyllas-Kazacos, B. Welch,
"Challenges in Mass Balance Control",
Light Metals (2005), 385-391.

T. Rieck, M. Iffert, P. White, R. Rodrigo, R. Kelchtermans
"Increased Current Efficiency and Reduced Energy Consumption at the TRIMET Smelter Essen using 9 Box Matrix Control"",
Light Metals (2003), 449-456.

W. Haupin, H. Kvande
"Mathematical Model of Fluoride Evolution from Hall-Héroult Cells",
Proceedings from the International Jomar Thonstad Symposium, ed. by A. Solheim and G. M. Haarberg,
Trondheim, Norway, October 16 – 18, 2002, p. 53 – 65.

T. Drengstig, S. Kolås, T. Støre
"The Impact of Varying Conductivity on the Control of Aluminum Electrolysis Cells",
Light Metals (2002), 377-382.

J. Purdie, F. Nahoum, W. Guirguis, S. Donehue
"Improving the Stability of the A817 Pot at Portland Aluminum",
Seventh Australasian Aluminum Smelting Technology Conference and Workshops
Melbourne Australia Nov. 11-16, 2001.

Liquidus Temperature, Superheat Sensor

P. White, P. Verstreken
"Development of sensors for the primary aluminium industry",
Aluminium (2001), 70, 70-75.

Textbook Aluminum Electrolysis (2001)

J. Thonstad, P. Fellner, G. M. Haarberg, J. Híveš, H. Kvande, Å. Sterten,
"Aluminium Electrolysis",
Fundamentals of the Hall-Héroult Process
3^rd Edition Aluminium-Verlag (2001);
ISBN 3-87017-270-3.

C. Vanvoren, P. Homsi, JL. Basquin, T. Beheregaray
"AP 50: The Pechiney 500 kA Cell",
Light Metals (2001), 221-226.

Electrolyte Density Solheim

A. Solheim,
"The Density of Molten NaF-LiF-AlF₃-CaF₂-Al₂O₃ in Aluminium Electrolysis",
Aluminum Transactions (2000), Vol.2 No.1, 161-168.

W. Haupin, H. Kvande,
"Thermodynamics of Electrochemical Reduction of Alumina",
Light Metals (2000), 379-384.

A. Tabereaux
"Prebake Cell Technology: A Global Review",
JOM (2000), Vol. 52, Nr.2, 22-28.

New Features ElyseSem/ElysePrg

P. M. Entner,
"New Features of ElyseSem/ElysePrg",
Aluminium (1999), 75, 1064-1072.

About ElyseSem/ElysePrg

P. M. Entner,
"ElyseSem an Education and Information Tool",
Light Metals (1998), 341-348.

W. Haupin,
"Interpreting the Components of Cell Voltage",
Light Metals (1998), 531-537.

T. M. Hyde, B. J. Welch,
"The Gas under Anodes in Aluminium Smelting Cells Part I: Measuring and Modelling Bubble Resistance under Horizontally Oriented Electrodes",
Light Metals (1997), 333-340.

R. J. Aaberg, V. Ranum, K. Williamson, B. J. Welch,
"The Gas under Anodes in Aluminium Smelting Cells Part II: Gas Volume and Bubble Layer Characteristics",
Light Metals (1997), 341-346.

Liquidus Temperature, Superheat Sensor

P. Verstreken
"Employing a New Bath- and Liquidus-Temperature Sensor for Molten Salts",
JOM (1997), Vol. 49, Nr. 11, 43-46.

Maximal Alumina Solubility

E. Skybakmoen, A. Solheim, A. Sterten,
"Alumina Solubility in Molten Salt Systems of Interest for Alumina Electrolysis and Related Phase Diagram Data",
Met.Trans.B (1997), Vol. 28B, 81-86.

Control Bath Temperature

P. M. Entner, G. A. Guðmundsson
"Further Development of the Temperature Model",
Light Metals (1996), 445-449.

M. Chrenková, V. Danek, A. Silný, T. Utigard,
"Density, Electrical Conductivity and Viscosity of Low Melting Baths for Aluminium Electrolysis"",
Light Metals (1996), 227-232.

Equivalent Ratio Haupin

W. Haupin,
"Defining Bath Ratio in the Presence of LiF and MgF₂",
Light Metals (1996), 219-220.

Handbook of Chemistry and Physiscs (1997)

D. R. Lide (Editor-in-Chief),
"A Chemical Rubber Company Handbook of Chemistry and Physics",
77^th Edition (1996-97). CRC Press, Boca Raton, New York, London, Tokyo;

Liquidus Temperaure, Superheat Sensor

P. Verstreken, S. Benninghoff
"Bath- and Liquidus-Temperature Sensor for Molten Salts",
Light Metals (1996), 437-444.

Control Bath Temperature

P. M. Entner,
"Control of Bath Temperature",
Light Metals (1995), 227-230.

Electrolyte Density Silný

A. Silný,
"Physico-Chemical Properties of Aluminum Electrolytes",
Prospectus of Institute of Inorganic Chemistry (1995),
Slovak Academy of Science,  842 36 Bratislava, Slovak Republic.

Liquidus Temperature Solheim

A. Solheim, S. Rolseth, E. Skybakmoen, L. Støen, Å. Sterten, T. Støre,
"Liquidus Temperature and Alumina Solubility in the System Na₃AlF₆-AlF₃-LiF-CaF₂-MgF₂",
Light Metals (1995), 451-460.

Electrical Conductivity Híveš

J. Híveš, J. Thonstad, Å. Sterten, P. Fellner,
"Electrical Conductivity of Molten Cryolite-Based Mixtures Obtained with a Tube-Type Cell made of Pyrolytic Boron Nitride",
Light Metals (1994), 187-194.

Electrical Conductivity L. Wang

L. Wang, A. T. Tabereaux, N. E. Richards,
"The Electrical Conductivity of Cryolite Melts Containing Aluminum Carbide",
Light Metals (1994), 177-194.

AlF₃ Control

P. M. Entner,
"Further Development of the AlF₃ Model",
Light Metals (1993), 265-268.

Electrical Conductivity X. Wang

X. Wang, R. D. Peterson, A. T. Tabereaux,
"A Multiple Regression Equation for the Electrical Conductivity of Cryolite Melts",
Light Metals (1993), 247-255.

Electrolyte Density Fellner

P. Fellner, A. Silný, M. Chrenková,
Proceedings of the VII^th Aluminium Symposium, Slovakia (1993), 25-30.

Equivalent Ratio Tabereaux

A. T. Tabereaux, T. R. Alcorn, L. Trembley,
"Lithium Modified Low Ratio Electrolyte Chemistry for Improved Performance in Modern Reduction Cells",
Light Metals (1993), 221-226.

Liquidus Enigma Tarcy

G. P. Tarcy, S. Rolseth, J. Thonstad,
"Systematic Alumina Measurement Errors and Their Significance in the Liquidus Enigma",
Light Metals (1993), 227-232.

W. Haupin, H. Kvande,
"Mathematical Model of Fluoride Evolution from Hall-Héroult Cells",
Light Metals (1993), 257-263.

Textbook Introduction Aluminium Electrolysis (1993)

K. Grjotheim, H. Kvande,
"Introduction to Aluminium Electrolysis",
Understanding the Hall-Héroult Process
2nd Edition Aluminium-Verlag Düsseldorf (1993);
ISBN 3-87017-233-9

AlF₃ Control

P. M. Entner,
"Control of AlF3 Concentration",
Light Metals (1992), 369-374.

Liquidus Enigma Haupin

W. Haupin,
"The Liquidus Enigma",
Light Metals (1992), 477-480.

Thermochemical Energy Calculations

J. J. J. Chen, M. P. Taylor, B. J. Welch,
"Thermochemical Energy Calculations for the Formation of Aluminium by the Hall-Héroult-Process",
Erzmetall (1992), 45, Nr. 9, 468-470.

X. Wang, R. D. Peterson, N. E. Richards
"Dissolved Metals in Cryolite Melts",
Light Metals (1991), 323-330.

R. D. Peterson, X. Wang
"The Influence of Dissolved Metals in Cryolite on Hall Cell Current Efficiency",
Light Metals (1991), 331-337.

Maragoni Effect

T. A. Utigard, J. M. Toguri,
"Maragoni Flow in the Hall-Héroult Cell",
Light Metals (1991), 273-281.

Liquidus Temperature Røstum

A. Røstum, A. Solheim, A. Sterten,
"Phase Diagram Data in the System Na₃AlF₆-Li₃AlF₆-AlF₃-Al₂O₃ Part I: Liquidus Temperatures for Primary Cryolite Crystalisation",
Light Metals (1990), 311-316.

Textbook Aluminium Smelter Technology (1988)

K. Grjotheim, B. J. Welch,
"Aluminium Smelter Technology",
A Pure and Applied Approach
2nd Edition Aluminium-Verlag Düsseldorf (1988);
ISBN 3-87017-162-6

Textbook Burkin (1987)

A. R. Burkin (Editor),
"Production of Aluminum and Alumina",
Critical Reports on Applied Chemistry Volume 20, John Wiley & Sons, (1987).
ISBN 0 471 91424 X.

Liquidus Temperature Peterson

R. D. Peterson, A. T. Tabereaux,
"Liquidus Curves for the Cryolite-AlF₃-CaF₂-Al₂O₃ System in Aluminum Cell Electrolytes",
Light Metals (1987), 383-388.

Liquidus Temperature Bullard

G. L. Bullard, D. D. Przybycien,
"DTA Determination of Bath Liquidus Temperatures: Effect of LiF",
Light Metals (1986), 437-443.

B. Lillebue, Th. Mellerud,
"Current Efficiency and Alumina Concentration",
Light Metals (1985), 637-645.

Thermodynamic Tables

M. W. Chase et al.,
"JANAF Thermochemical Tables Third Edition",
J. Phys. Cem. Reference Data Vol 14, (1985), Supplement 1.

Liquidus Temperature Lee

S. S. Lee, K.-S. Lei, P. Xu, J. J. Brown Jr.,
"Determination of Melting Temperatures and Al₂O₃ Solubilities for Hall Cell Electrolyte Compositions",
Light Metals (1984), 841-855.

W. E. Haupin,
"Mathematical Model of Fluoride Evolution from Hall-Héroult Cells",
Light Metals (1984), 1429-1439.

Textbook Aluminium Electrolysis (1982)

K. Grjotheim, C. Krohn, M. Malinovský, J. Thonstad,
"Aluminium Electrolysis",
Fundamentals of the Hall-Héroult Process
2^nd Edition Aluminium-Verlag (1982);
ISBN 3-87017-155-3

Textbook Aluminium Smelter Technology (1980)

K. Grjotheim, B. J. Welch,
"Aluminium Smelter Technology",
A Pure and Applied Approach
Aluminium-Verlag Düsseldorf (1980);
ISBN 3-87017-132-4

Liquidus Temperature Dewing

E. W. Dewing,
"The Chemistry of the Alumina Reduction Cell",
Can. Metallurgical Quarterly (1974), 13 (No.4), 607-618.

Electrical Conductivity Choudhary

G. Choudhary,
"Electrical Conductivity for Aluminum Cell Electrolyte between 950 °C - 1025 °C by Regression Equation",
J. Electrochem. Soc. (1973), Vol.120, No.3, 381-383.

E. W. Dewing,
"Liquidus Curve for Aluminum Cell Electrolyte", Representation by Regression Equations,
J. Electrochem. Soc. Vol. 117, No 6 (1970), 780-781.

Current Efficiency Loss Pearson and Waddington

T. G. Pearson, J. Waddington,
"Electrode Reaction in the Aluminium Reduction Cell",
Discuss. Faraday Soc. (1947), 1, 307-320.